Separation of Church and State is Necessary for Freedom...

Separation of Church and State is Necessary for Freedom of Choice We in America have the right to be free, so why not listen to the words of Thomas Jefferson and build a â€Å"wall of separation between church and state?† The wall of separation was Jefferson’s interpretation of the first amendment; however, the idea was actually founder of Rhode Island Roger Williams’. Jefferson’s belief was that religion was a personal relationship strictly between a man and his God and the government should not be allowed to restrict anyone from practicing their religion. With so many different religions in the United States, church and state must be separated to a certain extent because a close relationship between church and state puts constraints on†¦show more content†¦If there were to be a real separation between church and state, the government would not be able to fund and type of religious organization. This type of funding is unconstitutional under the state and federal law. According to the American principle of ch urch and state, religion is a private matter. For the most part, God’s name should not be used in public schools. Prayer in public schools should not be allowed because prayer is a religious act. It is wrong for public schools to partake in anything having to do with religion. Many people of the religious majority have tried to make prayer optional. Can you imagine being part of the minority? The Pledge of Allegiance is still under controversy. In 2004, many religious groups gathered to discuss the addition of â€Å"under God† into the pledge in 1954. These groups believed that it â€Å"undermined the longstanding constitutional rights of religious minorities to seek redress in the federal courts involving mandatory recitation of the Pledge.† (Doerr 34) It is wrong for one religion to be favored over the others. Michigan State University is guilty of favoring Christmas over other religions during the holiday season. The University only decorates for Christmas during the holidays and many people believe th at they should either decorate for all holidays celebrated or decorate for the winter season because this is a public university. In addition,Show MoreRelatedCivil Liberties Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the beginning, the United States Constitution has guaranteed the American people civil liberties. These liberties have given citizens rights to speak, believe, and act freely. The Constitution grants citizens the courage to express their mind about something they believe is immoral or unjust. The question is, how far are citizens willing to extend the meanings of these liberties? Some people believe that American citizens take advantage of their civil liberties, harming those around themRead MoreFaith Based Programs Are Effective With Changing Offender Behavior1338 Words   |  6 Pageseffectiveness† (Ferguson, Wu, Spruijt-Metz, Dyrness, n.d.). Now, as far as my personal perspective and individual interview many years ago in regards to â€Å"why individuals choice other faith-based programs when they are incarcerated† for another school I found that when a person is incarcerated and have nowhere else they can go, they will choice some type of faith-based programs for religious wisdom (I call it a vise) in order to cope with their current situation. The study was only promising as long as theyRead MoreThe Issue of Prayer in Schools713 Words   |  3 Pagesprayer in schools and the separation of church and state in general. As much as the history of court cases is good evidence for the separation of church and state and with it the denial of prayer in schools, supporters of prayer in public schools can and do make the argument that the intention of the Founding Father’s of this nation was to form a nation centered around prayer and Biblical instruction with it’s accompanying values. Their understanding of religious freedom was no doubt defined andRead MoreLimitations Of Liberalism926 Words   |  4 Pagesof individual freedoms and equality, it is still an extremely popular view point today. In this essay I will analyze the limits, challenges, and conservative critics to Liberalism and its modern applications. In analyzing these short comings of Liberalism, the merit of liberal practices will naturally be highlighted. Liberalism developed in the Age of Enlightenment over the rediscovery of reason and focus on individual freedoms. In Republicanism people held a duty to the nation state and let traditionRead MoreEssay about The Uniqueness Of The American Constitution838 Words   |  4 PagesConstitution We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. This document, written more than 200 years ago is still the backbone that allows America to be an example of freedom and righteousness to the rest of the worldRead MoreThe Uniqueness of the American Constitution858 Words   |  4 PagesConstitution We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. This document, written more than 200 years ago is still the backbone that allows America to be an example of freedom and righteousness to the rest of the worldRead MoreAnalysis Of City Upon A Hill By John Winthrop1050 Words   |  5 Pagesversus those that weren’t, and concluded that religion was necessary to have a stable government. Without religion to keep everyone in line, they believed the nation would soon descend into chaos.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The federalists, however, argued that a government based on religion was exactly why they left England in the first place. They believed that freedom of religion was necessary in order to avoid tyranny and oppression. A separation of church and state would prevent the government from enforcing the peopleRead MoreDoes Religion Foster Democracy?1383 Words   |  6 Pagespast, it seems obvious that religion plays a role in the formation of governments. The rulers of Europe were said to be ordained by God. The Catholic church played a massive role in determining the fates of the European nations. From the time we were in elementary school, we were taught that the pilgrims went in search of a new land with religious freedoms. The founding fathers set down new rules, largely based on the Bible and their religious beliefs. Religion helped initiate the collapse of Rome andRead MoreGod V The Government: The Showdown Essay1573 Words   |  7 Pages1787, the newly autonomous Unit ed States search for a legislative foundation; a foundation they found within the astute and forward-thinking minds of our founding fathers. These courageous men set up guidelines for which all American citizens were to conduct themselves. These stipulations, detailed in the United State Constitution and further defined in the Bill of Rights (1788), were obligatory for all American citizens. The Bill of Rights first Amendment states: Congress shall make no law respectingRead MoreReligious Liberty : The Revolutionary War And The Founding Of America Essay2467 Words   |  10 Pagesliberty in the United States. Although the United States was founded in an era of powerful religious principles, common law understanding of the church and state relationship faces significant challenges. Particularly in reconciling two popular visions: one allowing accommodation of religion in public life, and the other emphasizing separation. Defining the role of the American lawyer in promoting religious liberty and determining a maintainable balance between separation and accommodation is aided

The Logical Fallacies - 875 Words

What are logical fallacies, evidence, and error in misconceptions? The report will identify nine logical fallacies. If all evidence in an argument appears to be true, still the disputation may be invalid if the logic utilized is not sanctioned (â€Å"Logical Fallacies,† 2014). Another name for it is called logical error, in philosophy. There are many fallacies to be aware of when making a sound argument. The nine logical fallacies are Mere assertion/Circular reasoning/Ad hominem, Red herring/Pseudo-questions/False cause, and Sweeping generalizations/Slippery slope/Equivocation or changing means. ` Mere assertion/Circular reasoning/Ad hominem 1. Mere assertion is when one says a statement is true, because he or she straightforwardly believe†¦show more content†¦One may use it to defend him or herself against a skeptic, claiming that the skeptic is closed-minded. By way of example, Karina’s presentation should not be shown, because her religion is Christian. Cristian should not be allowed to speak, because he cannot drive. On the whole, Kevin should not be able to play soccer, because his mother is sick. Red herring/Pseudo-questions/False cause 4. Red herring is when one distracts someone or the audience to confuse them, with something irrelevant in a discussion. It leads the viewer to a false end. Also, can be used intentionally. As an illustration, Rudy’s mom asked him to clean the basement because he has not done anything this week, but he pointed out that he cut the grass two weeks ago. Hector and Jessica were fighting because no one has said â€Å"I love you† recently, so Hector pointed out that he was the first one to say it. Briefly, mother and father were arguing about who took the kids to school last, which mother pointed out that she took them to Chucky Cheese three times this month. 5. Pseudo-questions are when one’s answer to a question appears to makes sense, but the question cannot be answered. Questions that people generally fell into. Typically are open ended. To illustrate, if Albert Einstein was so smart, could he explained God? If Abraham Lincoln was honest, could he be honest throughout his whole life? Overall, if Michael Jackson was the best dancer of all times, could he do all the dance moves in theShow MoreRelatedFallacies : A Logical Fallacy1741 Words   |  7 PagesA logical fallacy is false or misinforming opinions that prove nothing. At times fallacies seem to be sound, and often have lots of persuasive control, even after it’s undoubtedly exposed as being untrue. Fallacies are not always deliberate, still yet we find them all over the place, like commercials for an example. Though there are several logical fallacies, four logical fallacies generally found in advertising are amphiboly, appeal to authority, appeal to emotion, and n on sequitur (logic). FallaciesRead MoreThe Is A Logical Fallacy?877 Words   |  4 Pagessupport it†¦ but your ideas may be ruined by what is called a â€Å"logical fallacy.† What exactly is a logical fallacy†¦? Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that undermine the logic of your argument (Weber). There are a vast number of different types of fallacies, including Begging the claim, Sweeping Generalizations, slippery slope, hasty generalization, Ad hominem, red herring, and circular argument. Many of these types of logical fallacies can be witnessed throughout the media, whether it be in aRead More Logical Fallacies Summary and Application Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesLogical Fallacies Summary and Application What do you see when you look at Begging the Question, Hasty Generalization, and Appealing to Emotion? When you initially look at these three categories they may not seem to have too much in common. However, when you look deeper you will see that in fact, they are all different types of logical fallacies. Logical fallacies are errors of reasoning, errors that may be recognized and corrected by prudent thinkers (Downes, 1995). The following quote helpsRead MoreLogical Fallacies. Logical Fallacies Can Be Found In Many1288 Words   |  6 PagesLogical Fallacies Logical Fallacies can be found in many forms of persuasions, in infomercials, political debates, common discussion, everywhere. Although Logical Fallacies are very common, they mar our arguments and should be avoided. In order to avoid them we must first learn to recognize them. To fully understand Logical Fallacies, we will look at the definition of Logical Fallacies, some examples of Logical Fallacies, classifications of Logical Fallacies, and finally why we should, and how weRead MoreLogical Fallacy Julius Caesar877 Words   |  4 Pageswith evidence. Ex. 1: â€Å"Cats are meaner than dogs.† Ex. 2: â€Å"Most people find church boring.† Ex. 3: â€Å"Homework is easy.† http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-generalization.html Logical fallacy: Errors in reasoning used by speakers or writers, sometimes in order to dupe their audiences. Use: Logical fallacy was used in Julius Caesar when Antony and Brutus spoke upon Caesar’s death. Antony was th e one to stoop down and flip Brutus’s words, however he did indeed use money to gain their trustRead MoreLogical Fallacies Exercise3117 Words   |  13 PagesAnswers to fallacy exercise, Part 2. I. Identify the fallacies of sufficiency committed by the following arguments, giv ­ing a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write no fallacy.1 1. The Daily News carried an article this morning about three local teenagers who were arrested on charges of drug possession. Teenagers these days are nothing but a bunch of junkies. Hasty Generalization – not enough examples. 2. If a car breaks down on the freeway, a passing mechanic isRead MoreFallacies And Fallacies Of Fallacies1006 Words   |  5 PagesWade brueggeman Professor Mcginty English 1301 9 July 2015 Logical Fallacies Have you ever wondered if something is actually making you genuinely laugh or if it is just always laughed at so you feel like you must laugh at at? Sometimes people are so accustomed to the things around them that they are just going through the motions. Now fallacies are common errors within reasoning that will ruin the logic of your argument. They can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are oftenRead MoreAnalysis Of Max Shulman s Love Is A Fallacy 964 Words   |  4 PagesAnti-man Max Shulman’s â€Å"Love is a Fallacy† is an essay about a young man who gets more than he bargained for after trying to teach a gorgeous woman about logic. The narrator is portrayed as a law school freshman who is looking for a possible wife, suitable for a lawyer’s career. Polly Espy is the desired woman. Polly also happens to be the narrator’s roommate, Petey Bellows’ â€Å"girl†. So that the narrator can make his move on Polly, he barters an agreement that he will give Petey the raccoonRead MoreCritical Thinking and Example Essay631 Words   |  3 PagesJennifer Gleason AIU PHIL201-1203A-08 Introduction to Philosophy Sunday, June 24, 2012 Logical fallacies My whole paper will be over the logical fallacies and the examples I had made for each one. Now this all have to do with some kind of philosophy terms and what they truly mean but in my own words and examples. 1. Mere Assertion- Mere Assertion is when someone doesn’t want to give up an argument even known they can’t prove their right with no evidence. * Example: My daughterRead MoreThank You For Arguing Essay991 Words   |  4 Pagessection is titled Defense. It goes over logical fallacies, their downfalls, how to spot them, and much more. Such as, the â€Å"Seven Deadly Sins† of rhetoric, and the defensive tools of practical wisdom. A fallacy, by definition, is an argument that uses poor reasoning. Before one uses a fallacy, it’s important to have full understanding or else you risk losing your whole ethos aspect of your argument. Heinrichs gives three important parts to detecting fallacies. â€Å"All you have to do is look for a bad

Old Man by Fanthorpe Essay Example For Students

Old Man by Fanthorpe Essay Fanthorpes Old Man, Old Man and Josephs Warning are both poems about old age; one is a third person observation of a saddening and deteriorating picture of her father, whilst the other is a first person projection of how the poet looks forward to exploiting the eccentricities of old age.  Both poets paint very vivid pictures of the later years. Fanthorpe starts this process by painting her father as a pale shadow of the do-it yourself specialist that he used to be; a man who did it himself. Now his hands shamble and his eyesight fails; she remembers when he saw better. To accentuate his pitiful state she produces a list using extensive hyperbole to demonstrate how capable he used to be. Lord once of shed, garage and gardenworld authority on twelve different sorts of glue connoisseur of nuts and bolts. The list and the hyperbole begins to build the rhetoric which is then cruelly cut by the line self-demoted in your nineties to washing up, which compounds the cruel process of growing old. The reader is projected from the vision of a man with an independent past to one with a rather pathetic present. In comparison Joseph looks positively into the future where she can use old age as an excuse to behave quite outrageously on the pretext that people will blame her eccentric behaviour on senility. In a similar way she lists all the schemes she plans to execute like; mismatching clothes I shall wear purple with a red hat, or sit down on the pavement when Im tired. She intends to press alarm bells/And run my stick along the public railings. The ever-growing list leaves the reader with no doubt that she intends to exploit and enjoy old age to the full. The second stanza is written almost as an invitation to the reader about how exciting and liberating old age is. You can wear terrible shirts and grow more fat/And eat three pounds of sausages at a go. It is clear that each poets opinion of old age differs greatly. In the two poems the voice is clearly from different perspectives one is in the first-person providing her beliefs whilst the other is in the third person showing an outlook. For Fanthorpe who observes a deterioration of her father, it becomes a torturous process to watch have you forgotten the jokes you no longer tell or no television has no power to arouse your surliness. Old age appears to have made her father stubborn and singular now that he is close to death. So obdurate in your contracted world living in almost dark. However it is not all pessimistic as she sees his vulnerability as a way to become closer to the man who was not good with daughters, a phrase that stood at odds in the list that glorified the man she remembered when she was growing up. Now that he is frail and helpless no longer the authority figure he does not view her as a threat or challenge to his status as the head of the family because she has shown us that the position no longer exists. In a rather abstract way he sees her in their present relationship only as a cloud. This only serves to evoke more love from the daughter who now feels closer to her father in his helpless than she has at any point in her life. We can say that although in many aspects Old man, old man is a sad poem, the ending depicts a sense of closeness that his present condition has warped. In stark contrast to this Jenny Joseph appears to positively resent restrictions and responsibilities that her present middle age brings. Her tone moans we must have clothes that keep us dry, were not allowed swear, adults are expected to set a good example for the children, and we are supposed to have friends over for dinner. However in her final stanza her tone changes and hints cheekily as she warns that she might start to practice a little now on the pretext that she wont shock or surprise people too much when she becomes old and eccentric, however we suspect that she just wants to have some enjoyment now. .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92 , .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92 .postImageUrl , .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92 , .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92:hover , .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92:visited , .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92:active { border:0!important; } .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92:active , .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92 .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue7aa4276ea8620ed6396f47647e86a92:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Agatha Christie EssayAlthough the meaning of each poem is clearly understood both are sophisticated in their use of layout. Fanthorpe uses a series of three-line stanza with enjambment, connecting and continuing each stanza with her personal observation of deterioration and helplessness. Josephs use of enjambment and the repetition of the word and serves both to convince the reader of her intentions for old age are mimicking the rambles of an old woman. Childlike features which seems to mirror childhood e.g. she says a red hat that doesnt go, whereas an adult would tend to use the word co-ordinate. Another example is you can wear terrible shirts and grow more fat, whereas an adult would probably say put on weight instead. This view that old age is like a second childhood is also evident in Fanthorpes Old Man, Old Man, with the key difference being Josephs emphasis is on the fun aspects whereas, Fanthorpes focus on helpless dependency.  In my opinion after reading the two poems I found that I quite liked Old Man, Old Man, but after contrasting and analysing the two poems I found myself enjoying the humour more in Warning.

Logistics and Supply Chain Management Help of Postponement Model

Question: Describe about the Logistics and Supply Chain Management for Help of Postponement Model. Answer: Solution 1 Postponement Model and its type The supply chain and logistics management of a business organization can be improved with the help of postponement model. With the increase in demand for consumer products, it is essential for all companies to provide faster delivery with the help of effective supply chain management. The implication of postponement in the logistics and supply chain management will help minimize the time that is required for supply and delivery of products. In the modern days, customers have the wide range of choice to choose product from the market. The product development postponement will help the company to improve the design of the products using the latest technology. Moreover, it can also help in improving the supply chain strategy. Moreover, a company can also use purchasing postponement to strength the supply chain. A company can gain significant competitive advantage with the help of purchasing more items to enhance their stock. The Logistics postponement can help to increase the efficiency of the control of the flow of the raw materials and also storage of resources. Hence, it is possible for a company to meet the demand of the customers. LaptopCo needs to use the model of purchasing and logistics postponement as it will help to deal with the problem of insufficient stock of materials. The company will thus able to meet the demand of individual customer and also the small business owners. Moreover, the company can also provide faster delivery of products. Delivery Model and its type The delivery model in the supply chain management will help a business organization to improve the flow of goods and inventory. In Retail storage with Customer pick up a business firm can store the entire inventory in the local retail store. This will allow the customers to visit a local retail store or go online to purchase an item. This model is best suited to deliver fast-moving items. The last mile delivery system in the retail storage will help the transportation of products from the final courier hub to the location of delivery. This delivery model will help to reduce the time of total transportation of products. The package delivery model, on the other hand, will help to get the delivery of expensive and important items. This model ensures that the high-valued items are not damaged during the time of transportation. The LaptopCo Company can adopt the delivery model of direct shipment. This will help to ensure that the products of the company are directly transported to the customers from the manufacturing unit. This can help to reduce the cost of the delivery and reduce the total duration of transportation. Hence, it is possible for LaptopCo to enhance the flow of their business by meeting the needs of the customers and small business owner. Electronic Procurement In the business of electronic items, the companies need to exchange items from one business to another or from business to customers. This process of electronic procurement is an important part of the supply chain network. The bottle neck items are products that can only be acquired by the acquired by the suppliers. This type of products allows the suppliers to dominate over the supply chain model. On the other hand, strategic items are essential products that are required for selling to the customers. The main challenge for these types of product is that a crisis in the supply chain can cause difficulty in the delivery of items. There are also the leverage items, which can help a business firm to acquire high percentage of profit as these items can be acquired from a huge number of suppliers. The company can easily switch to different suppliers if they are not satisfied with the service of supply chain. The LaptopCo can use the leverage items of electronic procumbent to ensure that they are dealing either the best supply chain network. During the present day, there are several sources of buying electronic items. Hence, LaptopCo can make the best use of the situation to improve their product supply chain. They can also make use of the non-critical items, where only standardized products are purchased by the company to ensure that the volume of the orders is optimized to ensure maximum profit. Production Strategy With the help of the make to stock production strategy, it is possible to match production along with inventory to meet the demand of the customers. LaptopCo can use the assemble to strategy of production as it helps the customers to get products manufactured according to their choice. On the other hand in case of build to order strategy products are only manufactured after they are being ordered by the customers. In this case, the delivery time is usually more than other form of strategy of production. Finally, engineer to order is the process of manufacturing, where demand driven production is practiced. The specifications of the products are engineered according to the choice and demand of the customers. This strategy can also be practiced by LaptopCo as it will help the company to meet the demand of the customers. Supplier relationship type It is important for LaptopCo to maintain good relation with the suppliers so that it is possible to improve the logistics service. A company can have Arms length relationship with the suppliers, which is the most widely used type of business relationship. There is high level of business transactions involved with the greater frequency of exchanging products. There is also the coordinating relationship that helps to maintain high level of coordination with the supply chain network. This will ensure that a company does not face any supply-related issues in the market. These types of relationship mainly occur just between two parties or organizations. On the other hand, alliance relationship occurs between two or more organizations or suppliers. This type of relationship occurs between public and private enterprise to ensure that there is smooth flow in the supply and logistics chain. The LaptopCo needs to establish Arms length relationship with the suppliers. This will ensure that they are able to meet the high demand of laptop in the consumer market. The company will also be able to track the flow of products from different places. The suppliers can immediately inform the management of the company in case there are any issues in the process of transportation of products so that it is possible for LaptopCo to make an immediate action plan and find alternate ways. Solution 2 GSI system The use of the latest technology can have a significant impact on the supply chain and logistics management. In the age of information, it is necessary for every major business organization to collect information about the supply chain with the help of the latest technology. The GS1 system helps to share business-related information that is vital in making business policies. The Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) can be used by LaptopCo to improve the speed and accuracy of getting information about the supply chain network. There are two types of EDI standard under the GS1 system. GS1 XML and GS1 EAN. The EAN-13 is one of the major types of information sharing system that can be used by the LaptopCo. This will help the company to share data with the supply chain and trading partners from all around the world. The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), which uses the electromagnetic field, can help in the identification and tracking of the items that are being transported. The tags that are attached to each individual item contain a unique code that helps in tracking of an item. The barcodes and RFID are the fonts of logistics and supply chain that help to transfer all the data regarding an individual item. These data can easily be scanned using the identification system software. Detail information about the item like the storage content, location of delivery and the logistics unit can be known using the unique barcode. The LaptopCo needs to design unique software application that can help in the identification of these codes and thereby help the company to get vital information. The accuracy and precision level of the supply and logistics chain can also be monitored using the tracking tools. The barcodes is an important identification system that is used under the GS1 system standard. The GS1 ID key is one of the most important identity keys that can help LaptopCo to save the cost of the supply chain. The GS1-128 are one of the major type barcodes that are used by LaptopCo on the cases, pallets and cartons and other unit related to the logistics and supply chain. This barcode is unique and it helps to get all detail information about the items that are being traded. The GS1 QR codes are two-dimensional barcodes that can be used by to support the use of GS1 and data matrix. Distributor Storage with Carrier Delivery In the distributor storage system, the inventory is not held by the manufacturers as they are controlled by the distributors of a company. These distributors or retailers are located near the warehouse, from where things are delivered to different locations as per the order of the customers. The fast moving items like electronic goods are best fitted for this style of delivery. It can also help to deliver items that need to be transported on an urgent basis. The GS1 system can be implemented to improve the distributor storage system with carrier delivery. The GS1 system is an integral part of the delivery model that is used in LaptopCo. The barcodes systems like the GS1-128 can be used by LaptopCo to deal with the retail customers that are located in the major cities. This identification tool will help the company to track the supply chain process and ensure that the items that are delivered are done in respective time. The RFID can also help in the process of supply chain and help the company to track the exact location of the item in any particular time. Use of identification Keys The GS1 identification keys can help LaptopCo to get information about the products of the supply chain. With the help of the ID keys, it is possible to identify the location of a product being delivered. When the company is planning to launch new model of laptops, it is crucial that they are creating new codes that are unique for the identification. This will help them to distinguish the new models from the older versions. The new features of those models also need to be implemented in the unique code. The GS1-128 code needs to be placed in the case of these new models and the EAN-13 barcode will help to detail information about those models. The key information like the date of manufacture, price and other details can be accessed using this code. The identification keys can also be used by the customers of LaptopCo to claim the warranty service of the products that are purchased. The GS1-128 barcodes can be used by the customer to get detail information about the manufacturing date and thus help in the process of claiming the warranty. The codes can help to store detail information regarding the manufacturing of a product. The RFID can help to track the items and thereby ensure that the terms and conditions of the warranty of products sold by LaptopCo are not violated. It is also possible to store information about a product in the database of the company that can easily be accessed using the unique QR code. With the help of the modern technology, it is possible to make full use of the GS1 system and ensure that the supply chain and logistics are managed efficiently. It is crucial for LaptopCo to improve the tracking system by implementing the latest technology in the supply and logistics management. Solution 3: Extended Producer Responsibility The extended producer responsibility is the concept that is used to minimize the manufacturing cost by integrating it with the environmental cost. Under this policy, the manufacturers need to have extended responsibility to deal the disposal of unused and waste materials. Financial support is provided to public and private business organizations so that they can adopt eco-friendly ways of manufacturing products. The recycling and reuse of old and unused materials are being promoted under this policy. This policy of extended producer responsibility can be implemented by LaptopCo to improve their supply chain and logistics management. As the producers are given extra responsibility it is the duty of the local authority to ensure that all the issues related to the business environment are solved. The government also has a high level of expectation from the business firms. The responsibility of the procedure under this policy is extended up to the post-consumer stage of the product lifestyle. The shifting of responsibility in both upstream and downstream can also be done by an origination. The manufacturer takes extra responsibility to ensure that the supply network is working in a smooth manner. In case of LaptopCo they get the supply of the parts from 12 different sources and hence, it the duty of the assembler to ensure that the supply of the parts is arranged properly. The manufacturer also needs to make proper agreements with the supplier and ensure that the delivery of the requ ired past is done in proper time. As the time of the manufacturing is lower, consequently, the time of final product delivery will also come down. Ethical Sourcing from Suppliers It is important for LaptopCo to ensure that the sources from where they are getting the required materials are from ethical sourcing. The main aim of ethical sourcing is to ensure that all the sourcing activities are done by maintaining highest possible standard. This will help to ensure that the sustainability is maintained. In the operation standard, it is the responsibility of every company to maintain ethical sourcing. Ethical sourcing can help to mitigate the risks that are associated with operational duty. Hence, it is possible for LaptopCo to maintain healthy reputation in the market by raising the brand awareness. The customers of the company can also rely on the source, from where they are gathering the required parts. Violation of the ethical sourcing can have poor consequence among the customers as the company is following the unethical practice to assemble raw materials. The quality of the final product is also compromised heavily due to poor sourcing of raw materials. LaptopCo being a company, who mainly assembles all the parts needed to manufacture a laptop, it is essential for them to source the required materials from authentic and reliable source. The company also needs to encourage the best ethical sourcing practice, which can help to manage the dealings with the suppliers' chain. This, in turn, will help the company to deal with the all illegal practice that is associated with supply network. The community-based methods to audit the suppliers can also help to work in collaboration with the supply and logistics chain of the company. Consideration of CSR during product design and Manufacturing The Cooperate Social Responsibility is an approach that can help to promote the brand value of an organization. It is also possible to maintain high level of social value with the help of CSR. It is the duty of a business organization to maintain clarity with the people of the society by disclosing the correct information about the all the suppliers of the company and also all the stakeholders of the supply chain management. In recent times, many public and private companies have the tendency to ignore the corporate social responsibility in the department of supply chain network. This is mainly because they adopt the illegal and unfair practice to get the supply of the required products. Therefore, it is the social responsibility of LaptopCo to consider the elements of CSR in order to avoid facing any legal issues from the local government body. The company can make a commitment towards sustainability to ensure that all the sourcing is done in proper manner. The CSR will also ensure that the reputation of LaptopCo in the consumer market is of high value and they are able to maintain clarity in the supply chain network. Implication of Reverse Logistics The concept of reverse logistics was introduced to reuse the products and materials. This is one of the best ways to prevent environmental degradation as it helps in the sustainable use of natural resources. The green supply chain management is closely associated with the idea of reverse logistics. The concept of reverse logistics can help a company to gain competitive advantage. Thus, the concept of reverse logistics can be used as a competitive tool and replace defective goods and also provide a replacement. With the help of this policy, LaptopCo can increase the level of customer satisfaction. The customers can return the defective and damaged products with the help of reverse logistics. Moreover, the company does not have to spend extra for reverse logistics as the products, which is being returned, is done in the same chain of transportation. Reverse logistics can also help to save the money that is spent to remanufacture defective and damaged items. It is also possible to spread awareness about environmental degradation and also provide measures to protect the environment. Therefore, with the help of reverse logistics, it is possible for LaptopCo to reduce the environmental pollution caused by the disposal of electronic wastes. They also can establish their reputation as a well-renowned brand in the market.

Disec Essay Example

Disec Essay Welcome note from the chairperson; Hello delegates, it is a pleasure to welcome all of you to the IIMUN. Similar to the famed aspects such as international extremism and nuclear warfare, the militarization of the arctic has also proven to be a matter of grave concern to the UN in recent times To many, we have bought this catastrophe upon us, inconsiderate use of natural resources and depletion of the ozone due to constantly increasing forms of pollution.The melting of polar ice caps is the primary reason we face this situation today. The race to occupy unidentified natural resources, huge untouched land masses, and for formations of military strong holds etc, brings about a question whether or not should the arctic be militarized?. That’s the basic question every delegate has to take a stand on and every resolution must answer.Militarization of the arctic will open various new doors for the world, it shall prove to boost economies and strengthen the defenses of many countries however every coin has two sides, the militarization is ought to bring about great unrests and clashing interests thus proving to be a threat on global peace and harmony International co operation is key, the council must come up with reasonable solutions, which shall look to better the global economy and maintain international stability.With Canada, the US, Russia and a number of Nordic countries all pressing to stake their claim in the Arctic which is likely to develop into an area rich in commerce and natural resources what should the UN do to mediate. Does anyone nation have a right to what lies under the Arctic ice and, if so, how will it be decided? With the Russian Security Council predicting a war within a decade how best should the UN resolve these issues? 1)General presentation and introduction of the issue. The Arctic region is one of the most highly disputed areas in recent times.Global warming has taken a great toll on the Earth, effecting issues in the economy, as we ll as with the melting of polar ice caps, increased hurricanes, etc. Global warming gradually melts the ice sheets causing a progressive opening of the Northwest Passage; which makes Arctic resources available for extraction, Arctic militarization is becoming an increasingly prominent issue. A major challenge to Arctic and global security is the diversity of uncertainties and changes that will alter and change the future of the Arctic ecosystem in the recent times to come.The militarization of the Arctic began during World War II, causing a major rise during the Cold War period, The economies’ necessity for fuel corresponds with the race to claim the Arctic land. Included in the Arctic States are Russia, Canada, Greenland, Norway, and the United States, each seeking to attain supremacy in the region in order to provide for the increasing demand for new energy and mineral sources. Certain areas of the arctic region may prove to be very resourceful when considering a variety of fuels and unprocessed natural commodities.As study indicates, By 2100an average global temperature rise of five and a half degrees is foreseeable. Increasing precipitation, shorter and warmer winters and significant reductions in reflective ice and snow cover are likely to persist for the next few centuries. These trends will contribute to not only rising sea levels, but the warming of the planet as a whole. Rising Arctic temperatures and shorter winters will affect not only the ecosystem, but also Arctic operations.As warming becomes an increasingly significant trend in the Arctic, natural resource extraction and marine activity is likely to escalate. For instance, both commercial and military maritime activity in the Arctic has steadily increased since the late 20th century. The Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment (AMSA), a 2009 Arctic marine activity study conducted by the Arctic Council, found that approximately six thousand ships operated in or around the Arctic region in 2004. Furthermore, in terms of volume of shipping, 2. 3 million tons were shipped in 2007, with transportation of hydrocarbons within the Barents and White Seas peaking at 8. 5million tons in 2006. This issue not only poses a threat not only to regional and global security, but also to northern indigenous communities, sustainable development, and environmental stewardship. The rapidly transforming Arctic geography is directly impacting an area of over 30 million km2, engendering new issues, including territorial rights, potential trade routes, and environmental protection.Cooperation with the Arctic populations is critical to preserving biodiversity and human health, as well as environmental health and global peace. Also due to the unsustainable environments a lack of technological environments have been seen in most of the populated arctic colonies, thus proposing a serious threat from extremist groups and power houses who may seek to take advantage of the situation at hand. Under presen t international law, no single country monopolizes the Arctic region.Instead, the international treaty that suggests Arctic territorial claims, the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), mandates that each of the five major Arctic countries, the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway and Denmark, possesses an exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical mileseach adjacent to its Arctic coast, as well as military deployment in the Arctic an extended continental shelf.Yet, the United States and seventeen other nations throughout the world have refused to ratify UNCLOS, each looking to expand their military presence in the arctic region and benefit from natural resources without the consent of geopolitical issues and other environmental hazards. Considering the geopolitical issues and the trend of militarization in the arctic the UN must address the debate of growing military presence in the arctic, should militarization of the arctic be allowed? If yes what types of measures should be implemented to monitor and control the military growth in the wider region of the arctic? )History 2. 1)Arctic Exploration The proliferation of military activity in the Arctic region was a fairly recent development, not reaching significant levels until the mid-twentieth century during and following World War II. Prior to the war, the region was a military vacuum, as countries valued it for neither strategic nor economic utility. As the Arctic ice continues to melt and resources slowly begin to be available the West has decided to begin the militarization of the Arctic zone in a bid to gain control over the precious resources.The 16th century marked the beginning of the exploration of the mystifying lands in the northern part of North America and Eurasia. Lasting for over four centuries, the land was initially taken over by Eskimos and those of the Mongolic origin. Explorers such as Christopher Columbus, Jacques Cartier, and many more performed the earliest voyage s in order to find the newest trade routes to the Orient. However their expedition happened to be more complex than anticipated and very little was gained out of the entire excursion; curiosity of the new area vanished abruptly.The 19th century brought about new, British explorers interested in the land that was forgotten about centuries back, John Ross, John Franklin, and a few others began their own journey into the Arctic territory. In 1845, Sir John Franklin led the Northern Passage, but sadly disappeared in his attempts to investigate the land; decades after, many searched in hopes of finding Franklin and his crew members. Between 1903- 1906 Ronald Amundsen gained power of the Northwest Passage, which separated Alaska and Russia.The Arctic became a primary focus again during the time of World War II and much after that for the transportation of materials and supplies. In 1947, the US began performing flights over the Arctic Ocean in order to create weather reports and oceanogra phic work in Beaufort Sea. Presently, there are accurate maps of the Arctic region available due to the current technology available, and the exploration phase of the past has come to an end. There is now much emphasis on the effects of global warming in the region, and efforts that can be made to preserve the land and its value. . 2)Previous Principles Territorial Claims Exploration of the Arctic Region were performed by many of other countries than those surrounding the region, countries such as the United States, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Russia, and the United Kingdom entered the territory in order to place territorial claims on the vast unclaimed land. During the 20th century, sovereignty rights of the Arctic Region were an element of a legislative vacuum, yet many states in the Arctic border did not recognize it as an imperative matter.All of the countries involved in the doctrine have acknowledged its regulations and use it to base any claims of territory. The doctri ne states the northern boundaries of the region as the northern coastlines of all the countries bordering the Arctic Ocean. The rules have stated that in certain parts of the world, any claims of sovereignty would be accepted only if physical occupation comes along with it. The two theories acknowledging national sovereignty in the Arctic region are as follow, ) res nullius, where no nation could have sovereignty over the Arctic; and b) res communes, where every nation in the world shared an undivided sovereignty right in the region. 3 During the 1920s, extensive sea sovereignty sea claims developed. Norway was the first state to make such claim, only after claiming possession of Svalbard Archipelago, in regards to the Spitsbergen Treaty. Because of this, the Soviet Union and Canada declared that their costal border should reach all the way to the North Pole, bringing forth the same disputes used by many states in the Antarctica situation.Canada’s claims refer to the territor y with longitudes of 60 degrees west and 141 degrees west, including all islands in between the northern tip of Canada to the North Pole. Shortly after, the Soviet Union made claims from the northern coasts of Europe and Asia (from Murmansk to the Chukchi Peninsula). Subsequently, the United States and Norway also made their own claims of the land; between the latter of 141 degrees west and 170 degrees west and 5 degrees east and 35 degrees east. Denmark made similar claims of land from 60 degrees west and 10 degrees west.During the Cold War, the Arctic area was partitioned into the East-West division and the significance of the strategic benefit of the region increased, as it appeared to be the shortest path from the United States and the Soviet Union. The naval build up was the main advantage the soviets would gain by acquiring the Arctic region, however, other than through Alaska; the United States did not have any access to the Arctic waters, making them rely on other states to help build their defense. Canada also claimed rights over the islands not only in the Arctic Archipelago, but the Northwest Passage as well.The United States had approved of the former claim, however they discarded the latter, as their policy was to deem the Northwest Passage and the Arctic Ocean as international waters, thus declaring the unrestricted right of transportation for all vessels. Conversely, Canada believed that the waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago were Canadian territory, through the straight baselines theory. The dispute between the two countries carried on until 1988, when Manhattan (an American Tanker and the world’s biggest commercial ship) voyaged through the Northwest Passage, alarming the Canadians.The Canadians were mainly upset because the ship had not asked for consent for the voyage to take place; the United States did this once more with the Polar Sea, causing the Canadians to be extremely upset. After the second incident, the two countries signed an agreement, â€Å"Arctic Cooperation† agreement where no vessels were to engage in research in the Canadians Arctic waters unless consent was given from the Canadian government. 2. 3)THE COLD WAR The Cold War provided a platform for greater militarization of the Arctic.As tensions escalated between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and its allies, led by the United States, and the Warsaw Pact block, led by the Soviet Union, both sides began to turn to the Arctic as one of many regions to station military development programs and operations. Starting just years after the end of World War II in which the United States and the Soviet Union had ultimately fought alongside each other, the Far North soon saw a drastic increase in military activity from both belligerent sides.In the midst of a nuclear arms race, the relatively secluded Arctic became a central location for the United States and the Soviet to play â€Å"cat-and-mouse games† above and beneat h the ice, in which each country tried to outmaneuver the other by expanding their own nuclear programs in the Arctic without hindrance from those of the rival country. By the 1950s, international attention paid to the use and defense against nucleararmed strategic bombers using polar routes was reaching unprecedented heights.To maximize the payload of long-range bombers developed with radii of action of several thousand miles, the United States and the Soviet Union established forward bases along the large circular route over the Arctic, to be used for landing and refueling the bombers. The airspace over the Arctic became a chief route for nuclear-armed bombers. Fears that the Soviet Union would occupy an airfield in the Canadian north as a staging base for air operations emerged in North America, though these concerns were later quashed by the trend of increasing ranges of strategic aircraft and consequent lowering risk-return radeoffs. Nevertheless, awareness of the military sign ificance of the Arctic increased for all northern countries, including Canada, where consciousness of the Canadian northlands reached peaks in the early 1960s and later in the mid-1970s. Still, increased international dialogues were pointing the world in the direction of Arctic peace and security. In 1973, the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) conveyed after six years of preparation in the Committee for the Sea-Bed, proving essential to changing politico-legal conditions in the arctic.As early as in 1975, broad international consensus had been achieved concerning the right of coastal states to establish 200-mile exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and to administer the living and mineral resources in those zones, providing guidelines for northern marine activity. Article 234 dealt specifically with ice-covered areas, clarifying boundary delimitation and dispute resolution for Arctic nations. What remained to be established was a norm of adhering to these international regulations in a diplomatic manner. 2. 4)POST-COLD WARDespite decreases in Arctic armament, the Arctic continued to be an area of great geopolitical and economic strategic importance for the United States, the Russian Federation, and other nations in the post- Cold War era. Several trends in military technology and strategic doctrine redirected attention to the Arctic. The development of long-range, air-launched cruise missiles and long-range strategic bombers by both the United States and the Soviet Union revitalized the trend of â€Å"air-breathing† vehicles, spurred by the introduction of cruise missiles and the evolution of more effective ballistic missile defenses.Furthermore, the culmination of the Cold War helped efforts to develop multilateral institutions and arrangements gain traction. In particular, the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS) and its successor, the Arctic Council, were created following the Cold War. The Arctic Council, first proposed by the Canadian government on 28 November 1990 and created in 1996, has become particularly central to circumpolar cooperation. However, these efforts have created at best an immature and fractured system, rather than a strong multilateral Arctic organization.Likewise, UNCLOS, while a major institution relevant to Arctic diplomacy, contains relatively little substance specific to Arctic policy, though its general provisions encompass many Arctic issues, being largely maritime in nature. Although little military activity and security concerns transitioned largely from traditional security and confrontation to environmental security and cooperation, military tensions in the Arctic lingered years after the Cold War had ended. 3 Recent Developments UNs role in the situation 3. 1)Legal frame works; a)United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)Currently, UNCLOS is the only aspect of global legislation regarding the rights and obligations states have in respect to w orld seas and oceans. There are five different zones, each containing an official regime. The â€Å"territorial sea† is the first zone, including states bordering the sea or ocean (referencing article 3), stretching at approximately 12 nautical miles from the baselines of the shore. In this particular territory, the state can implement full jurisdiction, but the convention allows the right of innocent passage (article 17) for both governmental and non-governmental ships under certain restriction.Ships involving some sort of nuclear background are allowed in this area, but with proper documentation. The passage is defined (according to Article 19) as â€Å"navigation through the territorial sea for the purpose of: (a) any threat or use of force against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of the coastal State, or in any other manner in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations; (b) any exercise o r practice with weapons of any kind; c) any act aimed at collecting information to the prejudice of the defense or security of the coastal State; (d) any act of propaganda aimed at affecting the defense or security of the coastal State; (e) the launching, landing or taking on board of any aircraft; (f) the launching, landing or taking on board of any military device; (g) the loading or unloading of any commodity, currency or person contrary to the customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations of the coastal State (h) any act of willful and serious pollution contrary to this Convention; (i) any fishing activities j) the carrying out of research or survey activities (k) any act aimed at interfering with any systems of communication or any other facilities or installations of the coastal State; (l) any other activity not having a direct bearing on passage. †5 The â€Å"contiguous zone†, contains a width of approximately 24 nautical miles from baselines. Ins ide this area, the state can implement control needed to â€Å"prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea; punish infringement of the above laws and regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea. The â€Å"exclusive economic zone† can stretch up to 200 nautical miles from the baselines. It has rights in regard to natural resources; it is free to create the manner in which it will manage the resources, however other states must have consent in order to exploit these resources. The state is also allowed jurisdiction over artificial islands, installations, and structures relating to research. The â€Å"continental shelf† is the seabed and submarine part, extending beyond the territorial sea to the edge of the continental margin. The states have the right to explore and exploit natural resources, including mineral and non-living resources.The final area is known as the à ¢â‚¬Å"high seas,† which are open to all states. The rights under the high seas in Article 87 include: (a) freedom of navigation; (b) freedom of overflight; (c) freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines, subject to Part VI; (d) freedom to construct artificial islands and other installations permitted under international law, subject to Part VI; (e) freedom of fishing, subject to the conditions laid down in section 2; (f ) freedom of scientific research, subject to Parts VI and XIII. 6 (source ; United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (Montego Bay 1982). b). The Ilulissat Declaration The Ilulissat Declaration was the outcome of a meeting of the five Arctic states (Canada, Denmark, Norway, the Russian Federation and the United States of America) with the purpose of discussing the future of the Arctic region. The Declaration presents the common position of the five states in therms of maritime safety, climate change and sovereign rights. By this document, the signatory states reaffirm their commitment towards the existing international law regulations governing the aforementioned issues.The countries involved consider the current legal framework provided by the UNCLOS, the International Maritime Organization and the Arctic Council to be most appropriate for tackling these issues. The countries expressed their opposition towards any regime for the Arctic Ocean that would be contrary to the provisions of UNCLOS; therefore, the only provisions that these countries are willing to negotiate are the ones complementary to the current system. c)The Arctic Council One of the most important players in determining the future of the Arctic area is the Arctic Council.The Council was established in 1996 by the Ottawa Declaration and it is an international intergovernmental forum of 8 members: Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, the Russian Federation, Sweden and the United States. It was invested with the following mandate: â€Å"- provide a m eans for promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic States, with the involvement of the Arctic indigenous communities and other Arctic inhabitants on common arctic issues*, in particular issues of sustainable development and environmental protection in the Arctic. oversee and coordinate the programs established under the AEPS on the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP); conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF); Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME); and Emergency Preparedness and Response (EPPR). adopt terms of reference for and oversee and coordinate a sustainable development program. disseminate information, encourage education and promote interest in Arctic-related issues. † 3. 2) current situations; Militarization in the Arctic has occurred recently in the Russian Federation.In 2007 during an excursion on the Lomonosov Ridge, a Russian flag was placed on the seabed which allowed Moscow to patrol over the Arctic Ocean . American newspapers noted that Russian bombers infiltrated a twelve mile air defense around Alaska. The Russian army has expressed interest in increasing patrols throughout the Arctic Ocean, but official notice of the distribution of warships in 2008. Russian Navy officers have spoken about their new plans on handling any threats presented in the Arctic and are expanding the Northern Fleet’s radius.In 2009, Vladimir Putin and the head of military and intelligence agencies promoted the likelihood of war (in the next decade) in the Arctic in regards to regions wealthy with their natural resources. Members of NATO responded to the Russian Federation’s actions by resupplying the Thule Air Base in Greenland, with approval of Denmark’s government. The United States, along with Canada, have increased their research and strategies in fortifying the North American Aerospace Defense Command; along with the formation of an Arctic Region Command and Arctic Coast Guard For um.Canada has also publicized the idea of building navy patrols for the Northwest Passage, a deep water port, and military bases. a) RENEWED MILITARY BUILD-UP Despite the emphasis on cooperation in the Arctic in diplomatic dialogues, most Arctic states are actively working on strengthening their northern capabilities through increases in Arctic forces and manufacturing of new combative weapons, after having reduced their circumpolar forces in the 1990s following the Cold War. b) UNDETERMINED ARCTIC MARITIME BORDERS: Despite the creation of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) under UNCLOS, many of the Arctic maritime boundaries remain disputed.Maritime disputes between Canada and the United States in the Beaufort Sea, Canada and Denmark in the Lincoln Sea, and Norway and Russia in the Barents Sea are just some of the conflicts that continue to persist. While most oil and gas deposits in the Arctic are not located in these disputed areas, future discoveries resulting from further oil and gas exploration could complicate disputes. c)IMPLICATIONS ON THE ENVIRONMENT Military actions among Arctic nations have yet to embrace a cohesive element of sustainable development.A more comprehensive and environmentally responsible security policy, â€Å"environmentally oriented security,† should be considered, especially in light of the impact of global warming on the Arctic environment. d)ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT MEASURES, INCLUDING AN ARCTIC NUCLEAR-WEAPON-FREE-ZONE (ANWZ) The reality is that submarines, ships, and nuclear weapons continue to exist in the Arctic. Only nuclear powered submarines are able to stay submerged long enough to operate in the circumpolar region, which the United States, Russia, Britain, and France continue to use to patrol the Arctic.For instance, Russia claims to maintain a fleet of ten missile submarines, six Delta IV and four Delta III class, equipped with a total of 160 submarine-launched ballistic missiles carrying 576 nuclear warheads. These submarines, and the rest of the Russian Northern Fleet, continue to be tracked by American, and possibly British and French, fast-attack submarines. The United States itself has 14 Ohio class Trident missile submarines carrying 1,152 nuclear warheads, Britain has four Trident nuclear missile submarines, and France has four nuclear missile submarines carrying 240 nuclear warheads.Addressing the use of these submarines would be crucial to establishing potentially an Arctic Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone. An Arctic Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone has been emphasized as a possibility by the Canadian Pugwash Group in 2007, but three principal challenges to its creation are the routine deployment of ballistic missile-firing submarines by Russia (and resulting tracking by the American and other NATO navies), the location of Russia’s largest naval bases being north of the Arctic Circle, and the positions of the United States and Russia as both Arctic States and Nuclear Weapon States (though the United States possesses irtually no nuclear weapons in the Arctic). Should this build-up of arms continue, the prospects of a nuclear-weapon free and demilitarized Arctic could be in jeopardy. 3. 3)RELEVANT UN ACTIONS The United Nations has spearheaded only a few treaties and resolutions relevant to Arctic military operations, relying mainly on individual groups of regions creating separate multilateral organizations.The most notable of the United Nations’ actions has been the production of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The opening of UNCLOS for signature on 10 December 1982 in Montego Bay, Jamaica marked the end of over 14 years of work integrating contributions from over 150 countries. The Convention delineates a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world’s oceans and seas, instituting regulations on the use of the oceans and seabed resources.Its 320 articles and nine annexes regulate all aspects of ocean space, including delimitation, environmental control, economic and commercial activities, and the settlement of disputes relating to ocean matters. Since the Arctic is a largely marine region, many of UNCLOS’s general provisions, as well as Article 234, which is specific to the Arctic region, affect directly northern circumpolar activity. Some of the relevant terms Include: â€Å"Article 234: Ice-covered areas.Coastal States have the right to adopt and enforce non-discriminatory laws and regulations for the prevention, reduction and control of marine pollution from vessels in ice-covered areas within the limits of the exclusive economic zone, where particularly severe climatic conditions and the presence of ice covering such areas for most of the year create obstructions or exceptional hazards to navigation, and pollution of the marine environment could cause major harm to or irreversible disturbance of the ecological balance.Such laws and regulations shall have due regard to navigation and the protection and preservation of the marine environment based on the best available scientific evidence. † SECURITY COUNCIL â€Å"Coastal States exercise sovereignty over their territorial sea which they have the right to establish its breadth up to a limit not to exceed 12 nautical miles; foreign vessels are allowed â€Å"innocent passage† through those waters. † â€Å"Ships and aircraft of all countries are allowed â€Å"transit passage† through straits used for international navigation; States bordering the straits can regulate navigational and other aspects of passage. â€Å"Archipelagic States, made up of a group or groups of closely related islands and interconnecting waters, have sovereignty over a sea area enclosed by straight lines drawn between the outermost points of the islands; the waters between the islands are declared archipelagic waters where States may establish sea lanes and air routes in which all other States enjoy the right of arc hipelagic passage through such designated sea lanes. â€Å"Coastal States have sovereign rights in a 200-nautical mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ) with respect to natural resources and certain economic activities, and exercise jurisdiction over marine science research and environmental protection. † â€Å"All other States have freedom of navigation and over flight in the EEZ, as well as freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines. † Land-locked and geographically disadvantaged States have the right to participate on an equitable basis in exploitation of an appropriate part of the surplus of the living resources of the EEZ’s of coastal States of the same region or sub-region; highly migratory species of fish and marine mammals are accorded special protection. † â€Å"Coastal States have sovereign rights over the continental shelf (the national area of the seabed) for exploring and exploiting it; the shelf can extend at least 200 nautical miles from the shore, and more under specified circumstances. â€Å"Coastal States share with the international community part of the revenue derived from exploiting resources from any part of their shelf beyond 200 miles. † â€Å"The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf shall make recommendations to States on the shelf’s outer boundaries when it extends beyond 200 miles. † â€Å"All States enjoy the traditional freedoms of navigation, overflight, scientific research and fishing on the high seas; they are obliged to adopt, or cooperate with other States in adopting, measures to manage and conserve living resources. † SECURITY COUNCIL 3 â€Å"States are bound to prevent and control marine pollution and are liable for damage caused by violation of their international obligations to combat such pollution. † â€Å"States Parties are obliged to settle by peaceful means their disputes concerning the interpretation or application of the Convention. † â€Å"Disputes can be submitted to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea established under the Convention, to the International Court of Justice, or to arbitration. Conciliation is also available and, in certain circumstances, submission to it would be compulsory.The Tribunal has exclusive jurisdiction over deep seabed mining disputes. † 3. 4)PROPOSED SOLUTIONS As elaborated above, the question of the militarization of the Arctic actually contains many subsidiary issues. Disarmament and security in the Arctic have implications on more than just the military: they impact the environment, indigenous peoples, and commercial activity, for example. Prospective solutions should consist of a comprehensive and feasible framework within the purview of DISEC, addressing the gaps in current international policy pertaining to the militarization of Arctic.Since there are various bilateral and multilateral cooperative institutions relating to the Arctic, but few international bodies under the United Nations, a thorough approach to international cooperation on a number of Arctic issues should be delineated. The regime set forth should extend beyond environmental and scientific issues, unlike its predecessors, focusing ins

Illustrator Maurice Sendak Career Biography

Author/Illustrator Maurice Sendak Career Biography Who would have thought that Maurice Sendak would become one of the most influential, and controversial, creators of childrens books in the twentieth century? Maurice Sendak was born on June 10, 1928, in Brooklyn, New York and died on May 8, 2012. He was the youngest of three children, each born five years apart. His Jewish family had immigrated to the United States from Poland before World War I and were to lose many of their relatives to the Holocaust during World War II. His father was a wonderful storyteller, and Maurice grew up enjoying his fathers imaginative tales and gaining a lifelong appreciation for books. Sendaks early years were influenced by his sickliness, his hatred of school, and the war. From an early age, he knew he wanted to be an illustrator. While still attending high school, he became an illustrator for All-American Comics. Sendak subsequently worked as a window dresser for F.A.O. Schwartz, a well-known toy store in New York City. How did he then get involved in illustrating and writing and illustrating childrens books? Maurice Sendak, Author, and Illustrator of Childrens Books Sendak began to illustrate childrens books after meeting Ursula Nordstrom, a childrens book editor at Harper and Brothers. The first was The Wonderful Farm by Marcel Ayme, which was published in 1951 when Sendak was 23 years old. By the time he was 34, Sendak had written and illustrated seven books and illustrated 43 others. A Caldecott Medal and Controversy With the publication of Where the Wild Things Are in 1963 for which Sendak won the 1964 Caldecott Medal, Maurice Sendaks work earned both acclaim and controversy. Sendak addressed some of the complaints about the scary aspects of his book in his Caldecott Medal acceptance speech, saying: â€Å"Certainly, we want to protect our children from new and painful experiences that are beyond their emotional comprehension and that intensify anxiety; and to a point we can prevent premature exposure to such experiences. That is obvious. But what is just as obvious-and what is too often overlooked is the fact that from their earliest years children live on familiar terms with disrupting emotions, that fear and anxiety are an intrinsic part of their everyday lives, that they continually cope with frustration as best they can. And it is through fantasy that children achieve catharsis. It is the best means they have for taming Wild Things. As he went on to create other popular books and characters, there seemed to be two schools of thought. Some people felt that his stories were too dark and disturbing for children. The majority view was that Sendak, through his work, had pioneered a completely new way of writing and illustrating for, and about, children. Both Sendaks stories and some of his illustrations were subject to controversy. For example, the nude little boy in Sendaks picture book In the Night Kitchen was one of the reasons the book was 21st among the 100 most frequently challenged books of the 1990s and 24th among the 100 most frequently challenged books of the 2000s. Maurice Sendak’s Impact In his book, Angels and Wild Things: The Archetypal Poetics of Maurice Sendak, John Cech, Professor of English at the University of Florida and a past president of the Childrens Literature Association, wrote: Indeed, without Sendak, an enormous void would exist in contemporary American (and, for that matter, international) childrens books. One can only try to imagine what the landscape of childrens literature would be like without Sendaks fantasies and the characters and places visited in them. These fantasies essentially broke through the relatively unperturbed surfaces of postwar American childrens literature, sending his children - Rosie, Max, Mickey, Jennie, Ida - on journeys into regions of the psyche that childrens books had not dared visit before. That these journeys have been embraced by countless other childrens authors and their audiences since Sendaks seminal works is apparent when you look at the childrens books presently being published. Maurice Sendak Honored Starting with the first book he illustrated (The Wonderful Farm by Marcel Ayme) in 1951, Maurice Sendak illustrated or wrote and illustrated more than 90 books. The list of awards presented to him is too long to include in full. Sendak received the 1964 Randolph Caldecott Medal for Where the Wild Things Are and the Hans Christian Andersen International Medal in 1970 for his body of childrens books. He was the recipient of the American Book Award in 1982 for Outside Over There. In 1983, Maurice Sendak received the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award for his contributions to childrens literature. In 1996, Sendak was honored by the President of the United States with the National Medal of Arts. In 2003, Maurice Sendak and Austrian author Christine Noestlinger shared the first Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award for Literature. Sources Cech, John. Angels and Wild Things: The Archetypal Poetics of Maurice Sendak. Pennsylvania State Univ Press, 1996Lanes, Selma G. The Art of Maurice Sendak. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1980Sendak, Maurice. Caldecott Co.: Notes on Books Pictures. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988.

Cultural Diversity in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cultural Diversity in the Workplace - Essay Example Managing cultural diversity in workplace is one of the key objectives of the organization among other concern areas of sustaining productivity as well as quality, total quality management and customer satisfaction. The diversity in the workforce is mainly due to presence of people coming from varying set of backgrounds. They differ in their value systems, culture, beliefs, attitude and behaviour, habits and customs (Henderson, 1994). Thus to bring the entire workforce together on the same platform is extremely significant in terms of bringing them to a common tune of work. The integration of a workforce which is culturally diversified lies at the beneath of the long term success of the organization. The issues to be considered for managing people from an environment of cross-culture are training and development of the employees, organizational dynamics aimed at optimizing the performance of the global managers. The building of confidence to bring out the professionalism of manager ar riving from an international scenario is important. The adaptability to the home environment is required to work in harmony with the organization policies which could be achieved through managing the cultural diversity of the workforce. ... The strategies adopted by organizations are solely based on the data collected by the organizations on the personal trends, labour segments and customer segments. The analysis of the collected data helps the management to understand about the thought process of the diversified set of employees on the developments and progress of the organization. The attitude of the workforce towards their business opportunities and growth could be analyzed from the information collected by the organizations. For international operations, a diversified set of employees in the workforce could prove to be advantageous. The alignment to the different set of cultures, understanding the needs of customers from varying cultural backgrounds and addressing those needs with the help of employees from specific cultural backgrounds help the organizations to attain expansion in the world markets and also to get a competitive advantage. The strategies for managing cultural diversity of the workforce in an organiz ation vary with respect to the ethno-centric, region centric as well as geocentric approaches (Walton, 1994). The ethnocentric approach considers people from different ethnic backgrounds. The region-centric approach considers the members of the workforce from different regional backgrounds. The geocentric approach takes the people from all over the world into consideration for managing the diversity of people from cross-cultural backgrounds. In the present scenario of business expansions, the integration of the host with the international markets and culture is extremely important for the good interest of the organization. The attainment of cultural diversity in business operations is obvious under such situations. Thus the management of cultural diversity is also